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Glossary
A list of peptides and peptide related terms with simple definitions for each.
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Adipotide (FTPP)
A peptidomimetic compound that targets and destroys the blood vessels supplying white adipose tissue. It works by binding to prohibitin on the surface of blood vessel endothelial cells in fat tissue, triggering apoptosis.
AICAR
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator that mimics the effects of exercise by increasing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in cells.
Amino Acid
The building blocks of peptides and proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that can be combined in various sequences to form peptides and proteins with different structures and functions.
AOD9604
A modified fragment of human growth hormone (hGH) comprising amino acids 177-191 with an added tyrosine. It stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown) and inhibits lipogenesis (fat formation) without affecting blood sugar or tissue growth.
ARA-290
A synthetic peptide derived from erythropoietin (EPO) that activates the innate repair receptor. It has tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory properties without the erythropoietic effects of EPO.
B7-33
A single-chain peptide agonist of the relaxin receptor RXFP1. It mimics the effects of relaxin-2, promoting vasodilation and having anti-fibrotic properties.
Bioavailability
The proportion of a peptide that enters circulation when introduced into the body and is available for biological effect. Many peptides have low oral bioavailability due to degradation in the digestive system.
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound-157, a pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from human gastric juice. It has been studied for its regenerative and protective effects on various tissues including tendons, muscles, and the gastrointestinal tract.
Bronchogen
A bioregulatory peptide that targets bronchial tissue. It is part of the Khavinson peptide family and is studied for its potential effects on respiratory system function and bronchial mucosa health.
C-terminus
The end of a peptide or protein chain that has a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
Cardiogen
A short bioregulatory peptide studied for its potential cardioprotective effects. It is designed to support cardiac tissue function and is part of the Khavinson peptide bioregulator family.
Cartalax
A tripeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp) that targets cartilage tissue. It is studied for its potential to support joint health and cartilage regeneration.
Chonluten
A tripeptide bioregulator that targets lung tissue. It is studied for its potential to normalize respiratory function and support pulmonary health.
CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29)
A modified growth hormone-releasing factor consisting of the first 29 amino acids of GHRH with amino acid substitutions to increase stability. It stimulates growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland.
Cortagen
A bioregulatory peptide that targets the cerebral cortex. It is studied for its potential neuroprotective effects and cognitive function support.
Disulfide Bridge
A covalent bond formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues. These bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure of many peptides and proteins.
DSIP
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, a nonapeptide that promotes delta wave sleep. It has been studied for its effects on sleep regulation, stress response, and its potential role in modulating various physiological processes.
Endogenous Peptides
Peptides that are naturally produced within an organism. Examples include insulin, endorphins, and growth hormone-releasing peptides.
Epithalon (Epitalon)
A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the natural epithalamin peptide produced by the pineal gland. It has been studied for its effects on telomerase activation and potential anti-aging properties.
Exogenous Peptides
Peptides that come from outside an organism, either through synthetic production or extraction from other sources.
FGL-S
A modified peptide derived from the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). It has been studied for its neurotrophic properties and potential to support neuroplasticity and cognitive function.
Follistatin-315
A glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes members of the TGF-β superfamily, particularly myostatin. The 315 variant is a shorter form that may have more targeted effects on muscle tissue.
Follistatin-344
The full-length form of follistatin that inhibits myostatin and activin. It has been studied for its potential to increase muscle mass and strength by blocking negative regulators of muscle growth.
FOXO4-DRI
A D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts the interaction between FOXO4 and p53 in senescent cells. It has been studied for its potential senolytic effects, selectively inducing apoptosis in aged cells.
GHK Basic
A tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) naturally found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It has been studied for its wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and tissue remodeling properties.
GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)
GHK complexed with copper, enhancing its biological activity. It promotes collagen synthesis, wound healing, and has antioxidant properties. Widely studied for skin regeneration and anti-aging applications.
GHRH
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone, a 44-amino acid peptide produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to synthesize and release growth hormone.
GHRP-2
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2, a synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates growth hormone secretion by acting on the ghrelin receptor. It has stronger GH-releasing effects than GHRP-6 with less appetite stimulation.
GHRP-6
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-6, a synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates growth hormone release through the ghrelin receptor. It also significantly increases appetite and gastric motility.
Glutathione
A tripeptide (Glu-Cys-Gly) that serves as the body's master antioxidant. It plays crucial roles in detoxification, immune function, and protecting cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage.
Gonadorelin (GnRH)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, a decapeptide that stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, regulating reproductive function.
Hexarelin
A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release through the ghrelin receptor. It is one of the most potent GHRPs and also has cardioprotective properties.
hGH Fragment 176-191
A modified fragment of human growth hormone representing the C-terminal portion. It stimulates lipolysis and fat burning while having minimal effects on blood glucose and insulin sensitivity.
HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)
An analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. In peptide research, HPLC is commonly used to assess peptide purity.
Humanin
A 24-amino acid peptide originally isolated from thymus tissue. It is a potent immunomodulator that enhances T-cell function and has been studied for viral infections and immune deficiencies.
Ipamorelin
A selective growth hormone secretagogue pentapeptide that stimulates GH release with minimal effect on cortisol, prolactin, and appetite. It is considered one of the safest GHRPs due to its selectivity.
Kisspeptin-10
A truncated form of kisspeptin that activates the GPR54 receptor, playing a critical role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the onset of puberty.
KPV
A tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It has potent anti-inflammatory properties and has been studied for gastrointestinal and skin conditions.
Livagen
A tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) that targets liver tissue. It is studied for its potential hepatoprotective effects and ability to support liver function and regeneration.
LL-37 (CAP-18)
The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, consisting of 37 amino acids. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and plays roles in innate immunity, wound healing, and immune modulation.
Lyophilization
A freeze-drying process used to preserve peptides by removing water from the frozen product under a vacuum. This process extends shelf-life and maintains peptide stability.
Mass Spectrometry
An analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It is used to determine the molecular weight and structure of peptides, confirming their identity and purity.
Melanotan 2 (Melanotan II)
A synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that binds to melanocortin receptors. It has been studied for its effects on skin pigmentation and other melanocortin-mediated processes.
MGF IGF-1 Ec
Mechano Growth Factor, a splice variant of IGF-1 produced in response to mechanical stress on muscle tissue. It plays a role in muscle repair and hypertrophy by activating satellite cells.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a peptide molecule, typically expressed in Daltons (Da) or grams. It's an important characteristic for peptide identification and analysis.
MOTS-c
Mitochondrial Open reading frame of the Twelve S rRNA type-c, a mitochondria-derived peptide that regulates metabolic homeostasis. It has been studied for its effects on insulin sensitivity and exercise physiology.
N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate
A modified form of Epithalon with N-acetyl and amide modifications that enhance stability and bioavailability. It retains the potential telomerase-activating properties of the parent peptide.
N-Acetyl Selank Amidate
A modified version of Selank with enhanced stability due to N-acetyl and amide modifications. It retains anxiolytic and nootropic properties with improved resistance to enzymatic degradation.
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate
A modified form of Semax with N-acetyl and amide groups that increase its stability and potency. It has been studied for enhanced cognitive and neuroprotective effects.
N-terminus
The end of a peptide or protein chain that has a free amino group (-NH2). By convention, peptide sequences are written from N-terminus to C-terminus.
NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, a coenzyme essential for cellular metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuin activation. NAD+ levels decline with age, and supplementation is studied for anti-aging effects.
Ovagen
A tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Leu) that targets liver and gastrointestinal tissue. It is studied for its potential to support digestive system function and hepatic health.
Oxytocin
A nonapeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Often called the 'love hormone,' it plays roles in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and lactation.
P21 (P021)
A peptidergic compound derived from the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). It has been studied for its neurotrophic effects and potential to enhance neurogenesis and cognitive function.
Pancragen
A tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) that targets pancreatic tissue. It is studied for its potential to support pancreatic function and glucose metabolism.
PE-22-28
A heptapeptide fragment derived from spadin that acts as an antidepressant-like peptide. It works by blocking the TREK-1 potassium channel, which is involved in mood regulation.
PEG-MGF (Pegylated MGF)
Mechano Growth Factor conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to extend its half-life in circulation. It supports muscle repair and growth by activating muscle stem cells.
Peptide Blend
A covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acids during peptide synthesis. It occurs when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, releasing a water molecule.
Peptide Synthesis
The process of creating peptides by linking amino acids in a specific sequence. Common methods include solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and liquid-phase peptide synthesis.
Pinealon
A tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) that targets the pineal gland and central nervous system. It is studied for its potential neuroprotective effects and role in regulating circadian rhythms.
PNC-27
A peptide that contains a p53-derived sequence and a cell-penetrating peptide sequence. It has been studied for its selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells expressing HDM-2.
Prostamax
A bioregulatory peptide complex designed to target prostate tissue. It is studied for its potential to support prostate health and normal urinary function.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide)
A synthetic peptide analog of alpha-MSH that activates melanocortin receptors, primarily MC3R and MC4R. It works through the central nervous system rather than the vascular system.
Purity
The percentage of the target peptide present in a sample relative to impurities. High purity is crucial for research applications to ensure reliable and reproducible results.
Receptor
A protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell. Many peptides function by binding to specific receptors, triggering cellular responses.
Reconstitution
The process of dissolving a lyophilized (freeze-dried) peptide in an appropriate solvent to create a solution for research use.
Selank
A synthetic heptapeptide derived from the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin. It has anxiolytic and nootropic properties, studied for its effects on anxiety, cognition, and immune function.
Semax
A synthetic heptapeptide derived from ACTH (4-10) with additional amino acids. It has neuroprotective and nootropic properties, studied for cognitive enhancement and neurological conditions.
Sequence
The specific order of amino acids in a peptide chain, which determines its structure and function.
Sermorelin
A synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) consisting of the first 29 amino acids. It stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone naturally.
Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS)
A technique for creating synthetic peptides where the growing peptide chain is attached to an insoluble support material, allowing for efficient synthesis and purification.
Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)
The relationship between the chemical structure of a peptide and its biological activity. Understanding SAR helps researchers design peptides with specific functions.
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)
A 43-amino acid peptide that promotes cell migration, blood vessel formation, and wound healing. It plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration throughout the body.
TB-500 Fragment (17-23)
A seven-amino acid fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 containing the active site responsible for actin binding and cell migration. It retains regenerative properties in a smaller peptide form.
Tesamorelin
A synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog with a trans-3-hexenoic acid modification. It stimulates GH production and has been studied for reducing visceral adipose tissue.
Testagen
A tetrapeptide bioregulator designed to target testicular tissue. It is studied for its potential to support male reproductive health and testosterone function.
Therapeutic Peptides
Peptides used as medications to treat various conditions. Examples include insulin for diabetes and exenatide for inducing satiety.
Thymagen
A dipeptide (Glu-Trp) bioregulator that targets the thymus and immune system. It is studied for its immunomodulatory effects and potential to support immune function.
Thymalin
A polypeptide extract from the thymus gland with immunomodulatory properties. It has been studied for its effects on T-cell maturation and immune system regulation.
Thymosin Alpha-1
A 28-amino acid peptide originally isolated from thymus tissue. It is a potent immunomodulator that enhances T-cell function and has been studied for viral infections and immune deficiencies.
Thyrotropin TRH
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, a tripeptide (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the pituitary.
Vesilute
A tripeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) that targets bladder tissue. It is studied for its potential to support bladder function and urinary health.
Vesugen
A tripeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) that targets blood vessels. It is studied for its potential vasoprotective effects and ability to support vascular health and endothelial function.
Vilon
A dipeptide (Lys-Glu) bioregulator with immunomodulatory properties. It is studied for its potential to support immune function and overall health maintenance.
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
A 28-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It has vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects throughout the body.